Spencer Heath Archive

Item 44

Penciled by Heath on notepad paper.

May 16, 1961?

     Energy means, in general, the capacity to do work.

     Work is any given force, such as pounds, grams or dynes moving through a given distance.

     The quantity of work is the product of the force times the distance.

     The Rate at which work is done depends upon the time it occupies or consumes. Hence it is the quantity of work done or capable of being done during a single unit of time. This quantity is called Momentum — the rate at which work is done or can be done. This Momentum or rate of work multi­plied by the time it occupies or consumes gives the quantity of work done during that time.

     Motion (length) divided by time is called velocity — the rate of motion.

     Force multiplied by motion (length of) is a quantity of work.

     Force multiplied by velocity, rate of motion, is the rate (not quantity) of work — often called energy rate.

     The rate of work, or energy rate, multiplied by time gives the quantity of work or energy — force times motion or length of motion.

 

     Work or energy can be taken either as a rate or as a quantity.

 

     Given a certain rate, the time occupied or consumed determines the quantity.

 

     The quantity of work or energy is the force times the motion as distance or length, regardless of the time occupied or consumed and regardless of direction whether straight or curved.

     Motion in a straight line at constant velocity is directly proportioned to time.

     Time does not change its direction. Hence time is not proportional to motion in a curved line but is propor­tional to the straight-line distance traversed between two points on the curved line during a single interval of time.

 

 

May 16, 1961

 

     As motion multiplies mass, so time multiplies motion. Hence time multiplies both — multiplies work done.

     Momentum is the whole amount of mass-motion involved in a unit of time — second.

     Whole amount of work or action is the momentum (rate) multiplied by the whole time involved.

One gram x one centimeter  = one erg

One gram through one centimeter through one second

How often — Frequency

How many times per second at the rate of one gram thru

one centimeter in one second.

     Momentum is mass times velocity  Mass units times motion units = work — at the rate of that much work per second for so many seconds (time) or how many times in one second (frequency). A certain rate of work through so many units of time or so often (frequency) in one unit of time.

     A rate of work (momentum) per unit of time continued through so many units of time

     Or that unit quantity of work — momentum in (or during) one unit of time — occurring so many times (frequency) during one unit of time.

 

     A quantity of work occurring one or more times in one or more units of time (frequency) or occurring so many times during one unit of time.

     A quantity of work ergs occurring so many times during one unit of time — so many work units (ergs) for each succes­sive unit of time or

     In a wave this same amount of work repeated so many times (frequency) within each successive unit of time

    Mechanical (rectilinear) energy or work — Momentum (energy rate) during successive units of time

    Wave (rectilinear and transverse) energy or work occur­ring so many times (frequency) during each successive unit of time

    Thus, in any given case of high or low momentum — mechanical energy per unit of time — high or low — is the rectilinear energy (quantity) occurring so many times within each successive unit of time.

     Hence wave energy is mechanical energy (rectilinear) multiplied by the frequency with which it occurs within or during each single unit of time.

     Wave energy = E (mechanical) times its frequency or — Wave energy = Ef  So, if mechanical energy is h (a single quantum) then the wave energy is hf or e = hf.

 

     This is the familiar expression for wave energy —

e = hf

in which h is the mechanical energy — which gives its velocity — and f is how often it occurs in a wave during one second.

 

 

 

     Above diagrams show how at velocity of light frequency is related to energy in the wave. Any number of frequencies and energies at the same velocity.